Laclau and Mouffe on Hegemony

Laclau, Ernesto and Chantal Mouffe. 1985. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Toward a Radical Democratic Politics. 2nd Edition. London: Verso.

The authors situate their book with what they perceive as a crisis of Marxism in the mid 1970’s, and they position themselves and their intellectual offering as a Post-Marxism. Their project is very explicitly a Marxism beyond class that, for them, requires a rethinking of the political and the social. They claim that “deeper levels of contingency require hegemonic—that is, contingent—articulations” while the “notion of the subject before subjectification establishes the centrality of the category of ‘identification’ and makes it possible, in that sense, to think of hegemonic transitions which are fully dependent on political articulations and not on entities constituted outside the political field—such as ‘class interests’” (xi). Continue reading

Posted in Antonio Gramsci, Hegemony, Marxism, Power, The State | 3 Comments

Stuart Hall (Gramsci and Us)

Happy May Day!

March 4th protests in Berkeley 2010. "Fight Back: Today, May Day, Everyday"

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Hegemony à la Raymond Williams

Williams, Raymond. 1977. Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Ch. 6]

Williams claims hegemony goes beyond both conceptions of “culture” and “ideology”: for culture, because of “its insistence on relating the ‘whole social process’ to specific distributions of power and influence” (108); and for ideology, because it entails “not only the systems of ideas and beliefs, but the whole social lived process as practically organized by specific and dominant meanings and values” (109). Hegemony, however, refuses to “equate consciousness with the articulate formal system which can be and ordinarily is abstracted as ‘ideology’” (109). Continue reading

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Hollow Land and the Politics of ‘Archupation’

Weizman, Eyal. 2007. Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation. London: Verso.

All military occupations are spatial operations and strategies. But the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) and government have managed to make space the continuation of war by other means. New dimensionalities of space are being produced in the process: the politics of verticality, “depth,” and separation, and six dimensional space (three Israeli, three Palestinian). People who have a problem with equating things in Israel/Palestine to apartheid or Jim Crow should really read this book. The architecture of occupation surveyed in the book is not simply political, but “politics in matter” (5). Continue reading

Posted in City, Illegality, Insurgency/Counterinsurgency, Law, Maps, Michel Foucault, Nation/Nationalism, Networks, Place, Power, Spatiality, Territory, The State, Violence | 4 Comments

Discipline, Punish & Illegalities

Robert Damiens, whose torture is chronicled by Foucault.

Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage.

“‘Discipline’ may be identified neither with an institution nor with an apparatus; it is a type of power, a modality for its exercise, comprising a whole set of instruments, techniques, procedures, levels of application, targets; it’s a ‘physics’ or an ‘anatomy’ of power, a technology” (215). This technology of power identified by Foucault swarms from its points of applications (army, prison, school, etc) to become “deinstitutionalized” and begin to proliferate throughout the social body (211): “Not because the disciplinary mode of power has replaced all the others; but because it has infiltrated the others” (216). Continue reading

Posted in Governmentality, Illegality, Law, Michel Foucault, Power, Spatiality, Violence | 4 Comments

Foucault and Geography

Crampton, Jeremy W. and Stuart Elden, eds. Space, Knowledge, and Power: Foucault and Geography. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. [Selections]

The introduction to this collection lays out plainly the importance of spatiality in Foucault’s work. As early as 1967, when the Heteroropias article was first written, Foucault claimed the present epoch was perhaps above all about space. It’s also interesting that Foucault gave his famed interview with geographers at the time he was delivering the lectures of Society Must be Defended (SMD).

In a subsequent response to his interview—something he had never done before—he asked the geographers: “What are the relations between knowledge (savoir), war and power? What does it mean to call spatial knowledge a science? What do geographers understand by power? And what would the geographies of medical establishments (implantations) understood as ‘interventions’ look like?” (33). He also asked what should be understood by the notion of “strategy” in the relation between knowledge and power. This year also hinged his studies of discipline and power with his later paramount concern on the subject. Continue reading

Posted in City, David Harvey, Karl Marx, Michel Foucault, Power, Scale, Spatiality, Territory, The State | 1 Comment

The Poverty of Theory Debate

Thompson, E.P. 1978. “Poverty of Theory or An Orrery of Errors”

Anderson, Perry. 1980. Arguments Within English Marxism. London: Verso.

Is there any polemic more biting in its wit, rigor and distaste than E.P. Thompson’s (EP) “Poverty of Theory”? Today, the essay would’ve been more simply titled, “Althusser: A Smackdown.” In processing this important essay, I’ve decided to divvy it up into Parts, so as to make a brief record—however imperfect—of the essay as well as, in a negative account, a display of Louis Althusser’s (LA) thinking.
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Posted in Critique, Historical Materialism, Marxism, Political Economy, Power, The State | 2 Comments

Geographical Imaginations

Gregory, Derek. 1994. Geographical Imaginations. Oxford: Blackwell. [Ch. 2 & 6]

Chapter 2 sets out to explore critiques of the spatial science geography of the 1950s and 1960s from two perspectives: humanism and historical materialism, which were also in tense debate with each other. Humanistic geography often claimed that theory (and objectivism) was getting in the way of “experience” as the main register for geographic inquiry. It called, at least in Yi-Fu Tuan’s hands, for a more phenomenological approach. David Ley criticized people like Harvey for engaging theory for theory’s sake, while ostracizing the empirical and experienced world (80). Continue reading

Posted in David Harvey, Gender, Henri Lefebvre, Historical Materialism, Post-Colonial, Race & Ethnicity, Spatiality, The Body | 1 Comment

Territory, Place, Scale, Network

Jessop, Bob, Neil Brenner, and Martin Jones. 2008. “Theorizing Sociospatial Relations.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 26(3): 389-401.

This is an important article—short and to the point. The authors claim that thinking around sociospatial relations has tended to emphasize one dimension of sociospatial relations, while ignoring others. These dimensions are territory, place, scale, and network. When one dimension is emphasized—manifested by the various “(insert dimension)-turns” in human geography—concrete analyses and theorization turn one-sided, static, or that single dimension is ontologized. Sometimes the emphasis on concepts and terms ends up ignoring the empirical altogether. The authors argue that a more strategic-relational approach (SRA) would hold these four dimensions to be dialectical, mutually constitutive, and intertwined. Continue reading

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Space of Flows

Castells, Manuel. 1996. The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell. [Ch 6]

Considering the historical moment it speaks to, this was a not surprisingly influential book, particularly in terms of the conceptual vocabulary it developed: network society, megacities, metropolitan regions, informational city, Information Age, technopoles, and spaces of flows. If Manuel Castells can’t be credited with coining all these terms, he certainly popularized them. And he weaves them (networks them?) compellingly in his portrait of the Network Society. It’s the latter of these terms—the space of flows discussed in Chapter Six—that I am most interested in focusing on. Continue reading

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